R & D Area > Biomass Biology & Environmental Sciences Home || Contact Us
 
 
 
 
Sustainable agro-forestry for Amelioration of degraded soil sites & biomass productivity
 
Introduction
 
Forestry has been a way of life in India ever since the evolution of human beings through the forests. Uses of trees for different purposes for their daily living including wood, shelter and medicine have been the common feature. The fatigue of green revolution and resource degradation leading to non-sustainable production systems has demanded our attention for sustainable practices to assure the continued production. In order to achieve this, scientific systems of agroforestry were advocated and emphasized during 70s and an initiative was made to sentisize the planners and scientists to these aspects of tree based farming system. During the past 25 years there have been continuous attempts to inventorize, experiment and synthesize scientific information on forestry/ agroforestry.
 
 
Background
 
Eco-restoration was a focus area for Prof. Kaul, the first Director of the Institute. His vision to create field stations at Banthra set the path for eco-restoration of sodic and degraded soil sites, one of the major problems in the state of Uttar Pradesh. The country also faced a huge scarcity of wood fuel. There was an urgent need to develop protocols for utilization of degraded soil sites for wood-fuel production. Prof. T. N. Khoshoo, other visionary Director emphasized on wood-fuel production on sustainable basis. While research on alternative species for alkaline soils was underway at Banthra Research Station, Professor Khoshoo pioneered an experiment at a 35-acre at Banthra village (located about 20 km from Lucknow on Lucknow-Kanpur road) plot lying abandoned till 1981. This plot, known as ‘Football Ground’ with harsh, unproductive and hostile soil, was converted to a Biomass Research Center (BRC) that is a man made forest with research outputs oozing from long term sustained experiments.

Financial support for the center came from the Ministry of Non Conventional Energy Sources (initially known as Department of Non-Conventional Energy Sources) and Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, New Delhi. The program ran in phases initially under the dynamic leadership of Late Dr. S.D. Khanduja (1981 -1986), followed by Late Dr. P.D. Dogra, who was an authority on gymnosperms particularly the blue pine (1986 -1988) and Dr. H.M. Behl (1988 - continuing). Dr. Behl was supported by Dr. (Mrs.) V.L. Goel (Tree improvement) who is involved with this program since 1984; Dr. B. Singh (Eco-restoration) and Dr. O.P. Sidhu (biofertilizers & hydrocarbon crops), Dr. P.V. Sane and his group of Tree physiologists, Dr. V.K. Garg and Dr. R.K. Jain (Soil Science), Dr. C.S. Nautiyal, Dr. (Late) S. Surange (microbiology) and many other scientists who contributed significantly to this program. Currently the group includes Dr. Nandita Singh (Eco-auditing), Dr. K. Chandrasekhar (Entomology), Sri. S.S. Tripathi (Field Management) apart from Dr. V.L. Goel & Dr. O.P. Sidhu. In addition to identification of suitable species and developing packages of practices for cultivation of wood fuel tree & shrub species, in short rotations, emphasis was given on basic and applied research on seed source selection, root soil interaction, adaptation mechanism developed by trees to cope with hostile surroundings, microbial (rhizobial and mycorrhizal) associations, and sustainability of system in terms of nutrient dynamics and soil amelioration.

The group was further supported by World Bank through the Jai Vigyan NATP Program of the country for Germplasm collection, conservation and evaluation.

Team of scientists with multidisciplinary R & D approach and expertise undertook extensive and intensive research for higher wood fuel productivity on alkaline soils through judicial selection of germplasm, establishing high-tech nurseries, standardizing slivicultural and tree breeding practices, soil and water management etc.

The studies were carried out with societal mission for wasteland development, poverty elevation and environmental conservation. The major targets of the program were as below:
 
  • The generate knowledge on production of woody biomass on degraded soil sites, through organic cultivation without amendment of gypsum or pyrite.
  • Identification of fuel-efficient species for domestic and industrial purpose.
  • Nursery Technology for production of quality planting stocks.
  • Standardization of slivicultural and tree improvement practices for wood fuel tree & shrub species.
  • Management of plantations and fixing harvest rotations schedules to upgrade productivity per unit area.
  • Study of soil amelioration, nutrient budgeting and cycling.
  • Study of sites specific microbial biofertilizers for enhancing productivity.
 
R and D Programmes and major achievements:
Production of woody biomass
 
In India fuel wood scarcity associated with continued depletion of forest cover is a matter of serious concern. Forest cover in India is far less than the national target of 33 %9. Loss of tree cover leads to desertification, loss of biodiversity and ecological imbalance including socio-economic crises. As biomass is undoubtedly a viable energy option for the country, there is an urgent need to expand afforestation program particularly on such wastelands that are otherwise unfit for traditional agriculture7. Need for such wood fuel plantation has further increased with possibilities of conversion of biomass to energy via gasification and other conversion forms1-3. Wood fuel marketing has remained neglected since there are no structured markets in India. Wood fuel collection is left to women folk of the house who collect wood for cooking even at the cost of loss of mandays. However, with demand from industry, woodfuel production may become an attractive business4, 8, 10.

Extensive work has been done at Biomass Research Centre of this Institute for identifying promising species for fuel wood production on substandard soil sites, improving their productivity through silvicultural and tree improvement practices and ameliorating fertility status of soil through nutrient cycling. However, in recent years the concept of high-density plantation systems has gained immense interest in order to efficiently combine and utilize the land, labour and water resources for meeting immediate requirements of rural communities for wood-fuel, fodder and timber including other minor forest produce33.

Trials of several exotics and indigenous species (80)19-20 were laid during the past several years in moderate and high densities. Species like Prosopis juliflora21, Acacia nilotica, Leucaena leucocephala, Casuarina glauca have shown good establishment and productivity (46 to 71 ha-1) in 8 years rotation on these hostile soils. Other species such as Terminalia arjuna, Acacia auriculiformis, Eucalyptus Dalbergia sissoo, Pongamia pinnata, Albizia procera and Pithecellobium dulce etc showed moderate performance in terms of adaptability and yield potentials even in long rotations of 15 years (Table 1). Harvest rotations including coppice rotations have been worked out. Promising germplasm (seed sources and genotypes) suitable for afforestation of sub-standard soils have also been identified. Species like Prosopis tamarugo, Casuarina. obessa and Acacia demiaii could not tolerate high sodicity of soils and completely failed to grow on these soils. The residual effect of selected species on soil properties was studied. The soil structure, physical and chemical properties of the afforested soil changed notably in comparison to the barren soils prior to plantation. A marked reduction in pH, bulk density and sodium content; and manifold increase in the status of carbon and calcium were observed indicating changes in fertility status of these soils16. Extent of soil amelioration varied greatly from species to species depending on the age, canopy architecture, harvest rotations, litter fall, its decomposition and mineralization36. Thus current studies suggest that species selection and their silviculture is a very crucial task in afforestation and bio-reclamation of sodic soils as many promising species are available yet there are marked differences in their productivity and potential to increase organic matter, soil nutrients and under-story development (Figure 1).

Figure 1 Wood fuel plantation at degraded sodic soil site
 
Microbial interventions particularly inoculation of VAM fungi at nursery stage improved seedling growth and its potential to survive and establish when planted in stress soils34-34.
 
Table 1: Performance of different species at 5-yr, 8-yr and 15 yr under trial at sodic soils
 
Species
Family
Trial age(Yr)
Populationdensity (stems ha-1)
Stand yield (t ha-1)
Acacia auriculiformis
A. Cunn. Ex. Benth.
Leguminosae
(Mimosoideae)
15
8
2593
3650
130
54.54
Acacia nilotica Wild.
Ex. Del.
Leguminosae
(Mimosoideae)
15
8
619
1650
161
59.50
Azadirachta indica
Meliaceae
5
4400
6.18
Albizia lebbek Benth
Leguminosae
(Mimosoideae)
5
3175
0.46
Casuarina glauca Sieb.
Ex. Spreng.
Casurinaceae
8
3331
68.19
Albizia procera Benth.
Leguminosae
(Mimosoideae)
7
2200
19.81
Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.
Leguminosae (Papilionoideae)
8
1452
23.33
Eucalyptus hybrid
Myrtaceae
8
4950
20.91
Leucaena
diversifolia (Schlecht.) Benth.
Leguminosae
(Mimosoideae)
8
2124
24.12
Leucaena leucocephla
(lam.) de Wit*
Leguminosae
(Mimosoideae)
8
3999
70.1
Leucaena shannonii
Donn. Smith
Leguminosae
(Mimosoideae)
8
3506
39
Pithecellobium dulce Roxb.
Leguminosae
(Mimosoideae)
15
5
2419
4200
66
1.29
Pongamia pinnata Bennet.
Leguminosae (Papilionoideae)
8
954
6.49
Prosopis juliflora Swartz.
Leguminosae
(Mimosoideae)
8
5
2875
4175
68.72
45.24
Terminalia arjuna Bedd.
Combretaceae
5
8
4833
4380
3.51
19.45
Sesbania formosa
Leguminosae (Papilionoideae)
5
2222
38.94
 
An Indo-US Progam on Production of Woody Biomass on sub-standard soil sites was successfully completed during 1984-1988. High density short rotation trials of several species (Acacia nilotica, A. cupressiformis and Syzigium cumini, Terminalia arjuna etc.) were laid to develop protocols for production of biomass for use in gasifiers for non-conventional energy.

The biomass production program was targeted for developing technologies to produce biomass on wastelands which will provide energy for domestic & industrial purposes24-30, provide employment by wood-fuel marketing and provide environmental and energy securities in rural India31. The program was made effective by organizing information dissemination activities.
Highlights of the program were a State of Art Report on Wood Fuel in 1998 (Dr. H.M Behl & Dr. P.V. Sane); organization of FAO sponsored National meet of Forest officers and Director of Energy Agencies of the Country (FAO proceedings published as a book in 2000); and National Seminar on Nursery Technology (1998). The Banthra Research Model is a unique case study of sustainable biomass production system on degraded lands.
The model developed at Biomass Research Center for sustainable utilization of sodic soils is unique as it provides long-term effects of organic cultivation of tree species. It does not utilize gypsum or pyrite applications, it is completely organic, it involves tree improvement as an integral component of plantation; and is model based on the principals of soil amelioration and sustainability. It has added substantially and economic value to the degraded soil.
The Biomass Research Center served the farmers and rural entrepreneurs by providing technical support to end users by supplying quality seeds and planting stocks (saplings and cloned materials) to public and several government and non-government organizations; training (National & International) on wood fuel production, management, nursery technology, clonal propagation, land use systems, wasteland afforestation, consultancy on availability of biomass and other related aspects.
 
Genetic selection and improvement of hard wood tree species for fuelwood production on sodic soil with particular reference to Prosopis juliflora
 


Prosopis juliflora was found to be the most promising tree species for wood fuel production on a variety of degraded soil conditions5-6.
The species coppiced well and produced shorter rotation with high productivity (Figure 2).
 
 
Figure 2: Plantations of Prosopis juliflora at high density,
multiple shoots, tree improvement
A long term study on selection and improvement of fast growing tree species suitable for wood fuel production on sodic wastelands (pH 8.6–10.5) was undertaken. Field trials of nine legumes (Acacia auriculiformis, A. nilotica, Albizia lebbeck, A. procera, Dalbergia sissoo, Leucaena leucocephala, Pongamia pinnata, Prosopis juliflora, Pithecellobium dulce) and three other tree species (Azadirachta indica, Eucalyptus tereticornis and Terminalia arjuna) were selected for this study. Prosopis juliflora was the most promising species in terms of its biomass productivity (68.7 tha-1) and fuel value index (148.8) after 8-yr of growth13, 22. Acacia nilotica ranked second. Intra-specific variations were screened at provenance and individual tree level in order to improve fuelwood production potential of P. juliflora through selection and breeding. Successful populations (gene pools) and individuals (genotypes) were cloned and conserved in clonal gardens to produce quality germplasm for plantations on sodic wastelands. Genetic testing, selection and multiplication of selected material are under progress. This will optimise gains in future afforestation programmes on sodic soils.
 
Influence of planting density on growth and biomass productivity of tree species for sodic soil sites
 
Performance of three leguminous species (Acacia farnesiana, A. nilotica subspecies cupressiformis and Cassia siamea) was investigated at three planting densities (10-, 20-and 30,000 plants ha-1) on a highly alkaline soil site (pH 8.6 to 10.5) in order to identify promising species and suitable plant spacing for optimum biomass harvest per unit area under shorter rotation harvests (3 year). The study revealed differential behaviour of various species in respect to plant growth, survival and stand productivity in different population densities (Figure 3).
 
 
 
 
 
 
          

Figure 3: High density plantations

Performance of A. farnesiana and C. siamea in terms of plant height, stem diameter and plant establishment was marginally affected by population density. Stand basal area (2.4 to 6.4 m2 ha-1) and biomass (4.45 to 13.5 t ha-1) in A. farnesiana increased markedly with increasing population density. Similar gains in biomass were observed in Cassia siamea when planted at higher densities. Individual tree biomass also was not effected by increasing plant densities suggesting that these two species respond well to high density plantation. A. nilotica subspecies cupressiformis, on the other hand, showed a negative response when planted in high density. Its biomass and basal area decreased beyond 20,000 plants ha-1 planting density suggesting that planting density of 20,000 plants ha-1 and above were supra optimal. Plants spaced at 10,000 plants ha-1 showed faster growth rate and higher productivity as compared to same at 20- and 30,000 planting density Competition for space also effected individual tree growth in higher densities. The concept of high density plantation is not applicable in A. nilotica subspecies cupressiformis. However, this species has significantly greater potential since it has relatively high biomass production even at low population density of 10,000 plants ha-1. The study is useful in identifying productive species and optimum plantation density per unit area for maximizing gains in terms of biomass productivity in short rotation energy plantation programs on sub-standard soil sites.

The productivity of Terminalia arjuna was investigated37-38 under varied plant spacing (10-, 20-, 30-, 40- and 50,000 trees ha-1) on a highly alkaline soil site (pH 8.6 to 10.5) in order to maximise biomass production and to assess optimum stocking density. The species showed a very high survival percentage even when planted in high densities. Closely spaced plants were significantly taller than the more widely spaced plants of the same age. Mean stand basal area and volume increased with increase in planting density in the initial years but differences in basal area among 30- to 50,000 trees ha-1 treatments were not significant at the age of three years. The trees at wider spacing had higher individual biomass than those at closer spacing. The study showed that after 4 years an optimum biomass of 22.7 t ha-1 was produced in the 30,000 trees ha-1 treatment. Densities higher than 30,000 trees ha-1 were found to be supra-optimal and resulted in over-crowding. The biomass produced in high density plantation of T. arjuna was found suitable for use in gasifiers39 (Figure 4).
 
 
 
Figure 4: High density trails of Acacia farnesiana, Acacia nilotica cupressiformis and Cassia siamea
 
 
Fuelwood production potential of Prosopis species on an alkaline soil site
 
The biomass potential of six species of Prosopis was evaluated on highly alkaline soil site. Prosopis alba I was found to have the fastest growth rate and highest above-ground biomass production. P. juliflora ranked next. P. cineraria showed high plant establishment but relatively slow growth. The performance of P. glandulosa was poor on such sites. The high fuelwood value index and rapid growth rate of P. juliflora and P. alba makes them suitable for short-rotation fuelwood forestry programmes on waste-lands. Selection of promising genotypes is suggested as a means of improvement in yields.
 
 
Fuelwood quality of promising tree species for alkaline soil sites in relation to tree age
 
The fuelwood quality of five tree species suitable for afforestation of alkaline soil sites was investigated in relation to tree age for establishing harvest rotation cycles12. Prosopis juliflora and Acacia nilotica were found to be the most suitable species for short rotation fuel wood forestry programmes because of their high wood density, biomass yield, low ash and moisture content, and good heat of combustion at the juvenile stage23. The performance of other species like Acacia auriculiformis, Terminalia arjuna and Sesbania formosa is discussed32.
 
 
Case study of introduced Casuarina species for biomass production
 
Casuarina glauca is an introduced tree species to India. It is one the few species that can grow normally in highly sodic soil sites. Out of two exotic species of Casuarina (C. glauca and C. obesa) investigated for biomass production at highly sodic soil sites (pH 8.6 to 10.5); C. glauca was found to be relatively promising in terms of growth and productivity. Average height of plants in an 8-yr-old trial of Casuarina glauca was 1033.3 ± 27 cm, however diameter at breast height (dbh) remained at 8.59 ± 2.0 cm with a basal area of 6.68 ± 1.6 cm2 per plant. High plant survival and establishment (75 %) indicate its potential for afforestation of degraded soil sites. Linear regression equations (Y=a+bx) were developed to predict biomass of standing stocks defining relationships between growth parameters (x) as independent variable and productivity (Y) as dependent variable. Both uni-factor equations based on one independent variable (height or diameter alone), and multifactor involving both height and diameter together (d2h) were derived to predict biomass of different plant components.

Coefficient of correlation and regression coefficients were found to be highly significant (p<0.001) in all the equations irrespective of independent variable such as plant height, diameter or both (d2h). There were marginal differences in R2 value (0.78 to 0.8) among equations derived by using d2 or d2h as independent variables. Height alone had relatively poor functional correlation with yield (R2 = 0.45). Accordingly, uni-factor linear equations with diameter (d2) were used for computing stand biomass with reasonably good accuracy. At the age of 8 years, stand productivity was 68.2 t ha-1 (oven dry biomass) out of which relatively a very high proportion (80.3 %) of biomass was allocated to stem wood (54.8 t ha-1). Both branch wood (8.4 t ha-1) and leaves (5 t ha-1) contributed marginally. Casuarina glauca can be recommended as a promising species for biomass production on alkaline soil sites as is evident from its performance.
 
 
Biofuel Mission program
 
As part of the Coordinated program of the Department of Biotechnology, agro-technologies of cultivating biofuel tree species such as Pongamia pinnata, Madhuca indica, so and Jatropha curcas (Figure 5). The program includes study of variability, oil content and other traits for selection of elite materials. Oil from the seeds of the tree species is extracted for conversion to biodiesel. Biodiesel and bio oil for stationery use has been developed under this program.
 

Figure 5 Nursery of biofuel tree species
 
Neem Network
 
A National program on selection, cultivation and improvement of neem was launched with the financial support of the NOVOD Board18. NBRI is the National coordinator of the program. Large germplasm was evaluated for various traits including morphological.
 
 
Nursery of neem
 
A wide survey was made in different part of India particularly in Uttar Pradesh14 and nine other states for collection of seeds (>70 provenances). Striking variations among populations and genotypes with respect to tree form (straight, crooked and deformed) seed l size and morphology (oval, oblong, rounded, elongated and ribbed) and chemical constituents particularly oil content (19.8% to 53.5 %) and azadirachtin contents (301.8 mg/kg to 3161.4 mg/kg kernel) were recoded. Several selected phenotypes with unique traits were multiplied vegetatively and conserved in clonal gardens as a future resource of germplasm for large scale commercial plantations.
 

Figure 6: Nursery of selected material of neem
 
High Tech Nurseries
 
The group has developed expertise in High Tech (Low cost) Nurseries. This expertise is coupled with R&D inputs to develop clonal propagation protocols particularly for difficult to root species of horticulture, wood fuel, oil yielding and ornamental species15. The technology has been up scaled to commercial production and is provided as a package, turn-key project or consultancy (Figure 7).
 

Figure 7: High Tech nursery for clonal propagation
 
Protocols were developed for large scale multiplication and clonal propagation of difficult to root species of horticulture17, wood fuel, biofuel tree species and other plants of economic importance.
The major breakthroughs are:
 
  • Protocols for clonal propagation were developed for several horticulture, forest and medicinal plant species.
  • Protocols for hardening of tissue culture raised or macro-propagated saplings.
  • Turn key cum consultancy project for Forest Department, Hanumangarh (Rajasthan) for clonal propagation of poplars and Dalbergia sissoo.
  • Turn key cum consultancy project for Forest Department, Bikaner (Rajasthan) for clonal propagation of Prosopis cineraria & Neem.
  • Consultancy project with UPBSN (World Bank) Lucknow for forest and horticulture species and developing entrepreneurship in Uttar Pradesh.
  • Turn key cum consultancy project for Forest Department, Jaisalmer (Rajasthan) for clonal propagation of Tecomella undulata and neem.
  • Turn key cum consultancy project for Forest Corporation, Uttar Pradesh for clonal propagation of teak and other forest species.
  • Turn key cum consultancy project doe FFDC, Kanpur for propagation of medicinal plants.
  • Collaborative program with Bio Technology Park, Lucknow for hardening of tissue culture raised plants.
 
Exploration, Collection and Evaluation of Agroforestry tree species
 
Biodiversity assessment and conservation is a national priority. NBRI is one of the 11 active centers of NBPGR for accessioning and conservation of biodiversity under Jai Vigyan NATP Program of the country. The importance of this programme has increased with the release of `Plant Varieties and Farmer’s Rights Act 2001’ which has set the stage to usher in an intellectual property rights regime in agriculture.

In germplasm conservation, the Program is concerned with the conservation of genetic diversity in plant species, populations, genotypes, which are actually or potentially useful to mankind. It is not known that actually or what all characters/types will be of use in the distant future. But what best one can foresee is being conserved. NBRI program includes accessioning of species suitable for agro-forestry, bio-fuels, dye resources, medicinal and ornamental plants.

Thorough covering central, western and eastern U.P., Rajasthan, Uttranchal , North Bihar, Jharkhand and M.P were undertaken to collect for agroforestry tree species (e.g., Azadirachta indica, Acacia nilotica, Sesbania sps., Albizia lebbeck, Albizia procera, Pongamia pinnata, Salvadora etc.); medicinal plants (e.g., Deploknemia butyraceae, Jatropha curcas, Nyctanthus arbostris, Withinnia somnifera, Rubia cardifolia, Piper beetle, Aloe vera, Asparagus racemosus etc.) and ornamentals (e.g., Tagetes erectus, Gillardia sps., Crysynthemum, Hibiscus rosachinensis, Tabelia sps., Plumelia alba). The plants showed variability in their habitat, form and chemical constitution.

The germplasm collected is accessioned and send to NBPGR for cryo preservation. The vegetative propagated germplasm is being maintained in the nursery at NBRI.
 
Acknowledgements
 
The group is grateful to the Ministry of Non Conventional Energy Source, Govt. of India, Department of Science & Technology, NATP (ICAR), Ministry of Agriculture, NOVOD Board and other organizations who provided financial support for the programme.
 
 
Literature cited
 
  1. Behl H.M. (1992). In Proc. IUFRO Centennial Meeting, Eberswalde, Germany, August 31st to September 6th, 1992.
  2. Behl H.M. (1993). In: Managing Biodiversity for Energy (Ed. P. Chaturvedi) World Food Day Publication, FAO and IAAS publication, New Delhi, pp 40A - 40D.
  3. Behl H.M. (1995). In: Proc. National Seminar on Plantation in Wastelands, Delhi, pp 49 - 50.
  4. Behl H.M. (1996). In: Proc. Int. Conference, 9th European Bioenergy Conference, June 24-27 1996, Copenhagen, Denmark.
  5. Behl H.M. (1996). In: Proc. International Prosopis Workshop, Washington D.C., U.S.A., March 13-15, 1996.
  6. Behl H.M. (1997). In: Proc. IUFRO All Division, Pullman, Washington, USA, July 7 to 12, 1997.
  7. Behl H.M. (1998). In: Training Workshop on Integrating Wood Fuel production in the Implementation of Agriculture, Forestry, Rural Extension Program in South Asia, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Oct 24-30, 1995.
  8. Behl H.M. (2000) (Editor). Wood fuel Production and Marketing in India, Published by the RWED, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Bangkok, 2000.
  9. Behl H.M. (2000). Environews, Publication of International Society of Environmental Botanists, 6 (4): 4 - 5.
  10. Behl H.M. (2000). In: Wood fuel Production and Marketing in India, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Bangkok (ed. H.M. Behl), RWED Report No. 47: pp 36 - 37.
  11. Behl H.M. and Goel, V.L. (1992). Package of Practices for Prosopis juliflora, Technical Paper No. T-01, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India pp 1 - 12.
  12. Behl H.M. and Goel, V.L. (1992). In: Proc. IUFRO ALL Division 5-Conference (Wood quality), Nancy, France, August 23-28 1992.
  13. Behl H.M. and Goel, V.L. . (1998). In: Tewari, J.C., N.M. Pasiecznik, L. N. Harsh and P.J.C. Harris (eds.) 1998. Prosopis species in the Arid and Semi-arid Zones of India. Proceedings of a Conference, 21-23 November (1993), CAZRI, Jodhpur, India. The Prosopis Society of India and the Henry Doubleday Research Association, 55 – 62 p.
  14. Behl H.M. & Goel, V.L. (2000). In: Collection, Processing and Commercial Utilization of Neem (Eds. A. Lahri, H.M. Behl), Fragrance & Flavour Development Center, Govt. of India, pp. 267 - 271.
  15. Behl H.M. & Goel, V.L. (2002) A technical manual on High Tech Nursery for clonal propagation.
  16. Behl H.M., Goel, V.L. and Sidhu, O.P. (1992). In: Proc. International Society of Soil Science, Univ. Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, Aug. 11-15, 1992, p. 81.
  17. Behl, H.M., Goel, V.L. and Misra, J. (2002).. The Horticulturist, 11(1): 14 - 15. (UK).
  18. Behl H.M., Singh, B. & Tripathi, S.S. (2000). In: Collection, Processing and Commercial Utilization of Neem (Eds. A. Lahri, H.M. Behl), Fragrance & Flavour Development Center, Govt. of India, pp. 249-252.
  19. Behl H.M. and Sane, P.V. (1997). State of Art Report on fuel wood production in India. Published by the Ministry Non Conventional. Energy Sources, Govt. of India.
  20. Chaturvedi, A.N. and Behl, H.M. (1996). Indian Forester 122: 439 - 455. (Best paper of the year award).
  21. Goel V.L. and Behl, H.M. (2000). Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 12(1): 139 - 148.
  22. Goel V.L. and Behl, H.M. (2001). Biomass & Bioenergy 20 (1):9 - 15.
  23. Goel, V. L and Behl, H.M. (1996). Biomass and Bioenergy 10 (1): 57 - 61.
  24. Goel, V. L and Behl, H.M. (1996). J. Ind. Bot. Soc. 75: 11 - 16.
  25. Goel, V. L and Behl, H.M. (1996). Ind. J. For. 19(2): 132 - 136.
  26. Goel, V.L. and Behl, H.M. (1994). J. Indian Bot. Soc. 73: 255 - 258.
  27. Goel, V.L. and Behl, H.M. (1995). Biomass & Bioenergy 8(1): 17 - 20.
  28. Goel, V.L. and Behl, H.M. (1995). Tree Crops Journal 8: 193 - 201
  29. Goel, V.L. and Behl, H.M. (1999). Farm Forestry & Community Tree research rep. 4: 112 - 116.
  30. Goel, V.L. and Behl, H.M. (1999). Journal Sustainable Forestry. 8(2): 1 - 13.
  31. Goel, V.L. and Behl, H.M. (2002). Land Degradation & Development, 13:387 - 393. (USA)
  32. Goel, V.L. and Behl, H.M. (1995). Fuel and Energy Abstracts. 36 (5): 346.
  33. Goel, V.L., , Dogra, P.D. and Behl, H.M. (1995). Indian Forester 123 (3): 196 - 205.
  34. Jain, R.K., Singh, B., Srivastava, N., Tripathi, K.P. and Behl, H.M., (2002). Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 72 (1): 39 - 41.
  35. Jain, R.K., Singh, B., Srivastava, N., Tripathi, K. P., Behl, H.M., (2002). Ind. J. Forestry, 25(2):114 - 121.
  36. Prakash, D. Sidhu, O.P. and Behl H.M. (1992). Indian J. agric. Biochem. 5(1&2): 57 - 62.
  37. Sidhu O.P. and Behl H.M. (1992). Nit. Fix. Tree Res. Rep., 10:150 - 154.
  38. Sidhu O.P. and Behl, H.M. (1990). Nitrogen fixing Tree Research Reports, 8: 34 - 36.
  39. Sidhu O.P., Behl, H.M. Gupta, M. L. and Janardhanan, K.K. (1990). Current Science, 59(8): 422 - 423.
  40. Sidhu O.P. and Behl, H.M. (1997). Symbiosis, 23:1 - 12.
  41. Sidhu O.P., Mishra, P.N. and Behl, H.M. (1991). J. Tree Sciences, 10:45 - 49.
  42. Singh, Tripathi, K.P., Jain, R.K. & Behl, H.M. (2000). Plants & Soil, 219:81 - 89.
  43. Sinha, A.K., Shirke, P.K. Pathre, U. and H.M. Behl (1996). Indian Forester, 122 (6): 496 - 500.
  44. Srivastava, N. and Behl, H.M., (2002). The Indian Forester, 128 (1): 45 - 53.
  45. Srivastava, N., Behl, H.M., Singh, B. (1999). The Malaysian Forester, 62 (4): 204 - 212.
  46. Srivastava, N., Prakash, D. and Behl, H.M. (1997). Int. J. Food Sciences and Nutrition, 48:215 - 219.
  47. Srivastava, N., Prakash, D. and Behl, H.M. (1997). Ind. J. Agricultural Biochemistry Vol. 10: 87 - 22.
  48. Srivastava, N., Goel, V.L. & Behl, H.M. (1999). Biomass & Bioenergy, 17 (3): 273 -278.
  49. Srivastava, N., Prakash, D. and Behl, H.M. (1996). Ind. J. Agricultural Biochemistry. 9 (1&2): 8 - 10.
 
 
 
 
 
Biodiversity collections for accessioning and long-term conservation (NATP)
 
 
Copyright(c) 2002 National Botanical Research Institute. All rights reserved.